Soil improvement involves soil maturation, the enhancement of various soil types, and the regulation of soil pH. Proper soil management is crucial for fruit tree cultivation, as it directly affects root development, nutrient uptake, and overall plant health. 1. **Soil Maturation** Fruit trees typically require a soil layer of 80 to 120 cm, with about 50% of their root systems located in the top 0–20 cm. In shallow soils, deep soil improvement is essential. Deep plowing improves soil aeration, water retention, and root environment, which enhances above-ground growth and increases fruit yield and quality. Applying decomposed organic fertilizer during deep plowing can significantly boost these effects. It's best to perform deep plowing in combination with fall fertilization, ensuring that the soil is well-watered to support organic matter decomposition and root absorption. The plowing depth should exceed the root zone, usually around 80 cm for orchards without drainage. In mountainous areas or with clay and shallow soils, deeper plowing is needed, while sandy soils may require less depth. 2. **Improvement of Different Soil Types** Fruit trees thrive in soils with good granular structure, deep layers, and balanced water, nutrients, air, and heat. Loam, sandy loam, and clay loam are ideal, but they often have poor physical and chemical properties. Clay and sandy soils need specific improvements: - **Clay Soils**: These have low aeration. Mixing them with sand and organic materials like straw or rice husks can improve permeability. - **Sandy Soils**: These lack water and nutrient retention. Adding silt (from pond or river mud) and high-fiber organic fertilizers helps. Some countries use synthetic soil conditioners to enhance water retention and structure. - **Saline-Alkaline Soils**: High salt content and pH above 8 can hinder nutrient uptake and cause physiological drought. Solutions include proper irrigation, adding organic manure, using green manure crops, and applying soil amendments to improve structure and water retention. - **Heavy Clay Soils**: Found in southern China, these soils are dense and acidic. Mixing with sand, increasing organic matter, and planting green manure crops like clover or vetch can help. Avoid acid-forming fertilizers and consider lime application. - **Sandy Wastelands**: Common in northern China, these soils lack organic matter and have poor water retention. Windbreaks, irrigation, green manure crops, and soil conditioners are effective solutions. 3. **Soil pH Adjustment** Soil pH greatly influences fruit tree growth, nutrient availability, microbial activity, and root function. For pears, the ideal pH range is 5.5–8.5. During acidic conditions, phosphorus and lime can be added, or alkaline green manure crops like rapeseed can be used. When the soil is slightly alkaline, ferrous sulfate or acidic green manure crops such as alfalfa or ryegrass can help balance the pH. Proper soil management ensures long-term productivity and sustainability in fruit cultivation.

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